Que 1: Explain Design thinking as an effective problem solving approach.
Ans: The design thinking process is a problem-solving design methodology that helps you tackle complex problems by framing the issue in a human-centric way. The design thinking process works especially well for problems that are not clearly defined or have a more ambiguous goal.
Que 2: Describe and identify the Design Objectives of a portable ladder.
Ans: OBJECTIVES OF DESIGNING A PORTABLE LADDER
❖ Ladder should be compact and portable
❖It should be stable on smooth surfaces
❖Should stand safely without a support
❖Can be used for house hold requirements
❖Should be reasonably stiff and comfortable
for users
❖Must be safe and durable
❖Should be relatively economical
❖Should be reduce space requirements while
packing by means of detachable parts
❖The ladder should be marketable
❖Useful for electrical and maintenance work
Objectives are normally expressed as adjectives that capture what the design should be, as opposed to what the design should do. For example, saying that a ladder should be portable or lightweight expresses an attribute that the client wants the ladder to have. These features and behaviours, expressed in the natural languages of the client and of potential users, make the object “look good” in the eyes of the client or user.
Que 3: Discuss about the Aspects of Design.
Ans:
Design encompasses various aspects that contribute to creating effective and functional solutions. Here are key aspects of design:
- Aesthetic Design: Aesthetics refers to the visual appeal, beauty, and harmony in design. It involves considering elements such as color, form, texture, proportion, and visual composition to create visually pleasing and engaging designs. Aesthetic design is important as it can attract users, evoke emotions, and create a positive user experience.
- Functional Design: Functional design focuses on ensuring that a design meets its intended purpose and performs its intended functions effectively. It involves understanding user needs, defining requirements, and designing solutions that are efficient, practical, and user-friendly. Functional design considers factors like usability, ergonomics, accessibility, and ease of interaction.
- User-Centered Design: User-centered design (UCD) places users at the center of the design process. It involves understanding users’ goals, behaviors, preferences, and challenges to create solutions that meet their needs. UCD employs techniques such as user research, personas, user testing, and iterative design to ensure that the final design aligns with user expectations and enhances the user experience.
- Sustainable Design: Sustainable design aims to minimize the negative environmental impact of a product or system throughout its life cycle. It involves considering factors like materials selection, energy efficiency, waste reduction, recyclability, and ethical production practices. Sustainable design aims to create environmentally responsible solutions that contribute to a more sustainable future.
- Technical Design: Technical design focuses on the practical implementation of a design concept. It involves considering engineering principles, manufacturing processes, materials selection, and technological feasibility. Technical design ensures that the design can be successfully realized and functions as intended.
Que 4: Create an objective tree for a portable ladder.
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Que 5: Create an objective tree for a safe juicer.
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Que 6: Explain Design Constraints as limitations on the design giving examples.
Ans: Design nstraints refer to the limitations or restrictions that affect the design process and the final product. These constraints can arise from various factors, such as technical requirements, budgetary limitations, environmental considerations, or safety regulations. They play a crucial role in shaping the design and determining what is feasible and practical to achieve. Here are some examples of design constraints:
1)Technical Constraints: These constraints are related to the technical aspects of the design, including the available technology, materials, and manufacturing processes. For example:The weight of an aircraft wing should not exceed a certain limit to ensure safe and efficient flight.The size of a smartphone screen should fit within specific dimensions to maintain usability and portability.
2)Cost Constraints: Budgetary limitations often influence the design decisions. These constraints involve considerations of material costs, production costs, and overall project budget. Examples include:Designing a car within a certain price range to target a specific market segment.Creating a packaging design that minimizes material usage to reduce manufacturing costs.
3)Time Constraints: Design projects are often bound by deadlines or timeframes, which can impact the design process and the final outcome. For instance:Developing a new smartphone model to be launched in time for the holiday season.Designing a promotional campaign within a tight timeframe for an upcoming event.
4)Legal and Regulatory Constraints: Designs must comply with legal requirements and industry regulations to ensure safety, ethics, and standards. Examples include:Designing a medical device that meets FDA (Food and Drug Administration) regulations.Ensuring a building design adheres to local construction codes and zoning laws.
5)Environmental Constraints: Increasingly, designs need to consider sustainability and environmental impact. Constraints in this area involve factors such as energy efficiency, waste reduction, and eco-friendly materials. For example:Designing a product with minimal packaging to reduce waste.Incorporating renewable energy sources into the design of a building.
6)User Constraints: Designers must consider the needs, preferences, and limitations of the end-users. Examples include:Designing a user interface for a smartphone that is intuitive and easy to navigate for a wide range of users.Creating a furniture design that accommodates people with disabilities.
Que 7: Develop an Objective-Constrain tree for a juicer.
Ans: Objective: Design a juicerConstraints:
1)Technical Constraints: The juicer should effectively extract juice from various fruits and vegetables.The juicer should have a powerful motor to handle different types of produce.The juicer should be easy to assemble, use, and clean.
2)Cost Constraints: The production cost of the juicer should be within a specified budget.The juicer should be priced competitively to attract customers.
3)Time Constraints: The juicer design should be completed within a specific timeframe to meet production deadlines.
4)Safety Constraints: The juicer should have safety features to prevent accidents, such as automatic shut-off mechanisms and proper electrical insulation.The juicer should comply with relevant safety standards and certifications.
5)Material Constraints: The materials used in the juicer should be food-grade and safe for contact with fruits and vegetables. The materials should be durable and resistant to corrosion.
6)User Constraints: The juicer should be user-friendly, with intuitive controls and clear instructions.The juicer should accommodate various fruit and vegetable sizes.The juicer should have a compact design for easy storage in kitchens with limited space.
7)Aesthetics Constraints: The juicer should have an appealing design that complements modern kitchen aesthetics. The color and finish of the juicer should be visually appealing and easy to clean.
8)Environmental Constraints: The juicer should be energy-efficient to minimize power consumption.The juicer should be made from recyclable materials or have recyclable components.
Que 8: Justify Design Function as ‘things a designed system/device is supposed to do’.
Ans: Design function refers to the intended purpose or role of a designed system or device. It represents the specific tasks or actions that the design is meant to perform or facilitate. Justifying design function as “things a designed system/device is supposed to do” can be supported by the following reasons:
Purposeful Design: The primary goal of any design is to fulfill a specific purpose or function. Designers identify the problem or need that the system or device is intended to address and then develop a solution that accomplishes that purpose. The design function represents the intended functionality that the system or device should possess to fulfill its purpose effectively.
User-Centric Approach: Designers focus on creating products or systems that cater to the needs and desires of the users. The design function is determined by understanding the users’ requirements, expectations, and intended usage scenarios. By identifying and incorporating the desired functions into the design, the designer ensures that the system or device provides the intended value and benefits to the users.
Design Intent: Design function reflects the designer’s intent and vision for the system or device. It encapsulates the specific actions, operations, or capabilities that the designer envisions for the product. The design function helps guide the design process and ensures that the final outcome aligns with the designer’s original concept and purpose.
Performance Evaluation: The design function serves as a benchmark for evaluating the performance and effectiveness of the system or device. By defining the expected functions, designers can assess whether the design meets the desired goals and requirements. It allows for objective assessments of the design’s success in achieving its intended purpose.
Communication and Collaboration: Design function provides a clear and concise way to communicate the purpose and intended capabilities of a system or device to stakeholders, including clients, manufacturers, and users. It serves as a common understanding and reference point during discussions and collaborations, ensuring that everyone involved is aligned on the desired functions and outcomes.
Que 9: Enlist Design Forms and explain its requirements.
Ans: Design forms refer to the various physical or visual manifestations that a design can take. Different design forms are utilized depending on the context, purpose, and desired aesthetic appeal. Here are some common design forms along with their requirements:
Product Design:Requirements: Product design involves creating tangible objects or artifacts that serve a specific purpose. The requirements include functionality, usability, ergonomics, manufacturability, and durability. The design should also consider factors such as materials, dimensions, aesthetics, and ease of maintenance.
Graphic Design:Requirements: Graphic design focuses on visual communication and creating visual content. It requires a good understanding of typography, color theory, composition, and layout. The design should effectively convey the intended message, evoke desired emotions, maintain visual hierarchy, and be compatible with various media or platforms.
User Interface (UI) Design:Requirements: UI design involves designing the interface through which users interact with digital products or systems. It requires a user-centered approach, emphasizing usability, intuitive navigation, visual clarity, and consistency. The design should consider factors such as screen layout, information architecture, interaction patterns, and accessibility.
Industrial Design:Requirements: Industrial design encompasses the design of mass-produced objects, such as appliances, furniture, or vehicles. It involves considerations of form, function, aesthetics, user experience, and manufacturing processes. The design should balance functionality, ergonomics, aesthetics, and production feasibility while ensuring that the product meets market and user demands.
Architectural Design:Requirements: Architectural design involves designing physical structures and spaces. It requires considerations of structural integrity, building codes, safety regulations, spatial planning, aesthetics, and environmental sustainability. The design should meet the functional requirements of the building or space while harmonizing with the surrounding environment and addressing user needs
Fashion Design:Requirements: Fashion design involves creating clothing, accessories, and related products. It requires a deep understanding of textiles, garment construction techniques, fashion trends, and aesthetics. The design should reflect the desired style, fit well, be comfortable, and consider factors such as materials, colors, patterns, and cultural or social context.
Web Design:Requirements: Web design focuses on creating visually appealing and user-friendly websites. It involves considerations of information architecture, layout, navigation, responsiveness, and compatibility with different devices and browsers. The design should prioritize easy navigation, fast loading times, clear content presentation, and an engaging user experience.
Que 10: Criticise on strength based design.
Ans: Strength-based design, also known as positive design or asset-based design, focuses on leveraging the strengths and assets of individuals or communities to create solutions and improve outcomes. While strength-based design has its merits, it is not without criticism. Here are some points of critique:
Overlooking Limitations: By primarily focusing on strengths, strength-based design may overlook or downplay the limitations, challenges, and vulnerabilities that individuals or communities face. Ignoring these aspects can lead to incomplete or ineffective solutions that fail to address critical needs or systemic issues.
Lack of Holistic Approach: Strength-based design often emphasizes individual or community assets but may neglect broader contextual factors, such as social, economic, or environmental influences. Neglecting these factors can hinder the design process from addressing root causes and achieving sustainable, long-term solutions.
Potential for Oversimplification: In an effort to highlight strengths, strength-based design runs the risk of oversimplifying complex problems. By focusing solely on what is working well, there is a chance of overlooking nuanced issues, interdependencies, or systemic challenges that require comprehensive solutions.
Equity and Inequality: Strength-based design may unintentionally perpetuate existing inequities by assuming that individuals or communities have equal access to resources and opportunities. It may fail to acknowledge systemic barriers and structural inequalities that prevent certain groups from fully leveraging their strengths.
Limited Scope: Strength-based design tends to concentrate on immediate solutions and improvements based on existing assets. However, it may overlook the need for transformative changes that challenge the status quo or require broader societal shifts. This limited scope can hinder efforts to address complex and deeply entrenched problems.
Incomplete Assessment: While focusing on strengths is valuable, it is essential to conduct a comprehensive assessment that includes understanding and addressing weaknesses, risks, and potential areas for improvement. Neglecting these aspects can lead to a skewed understanding of the situation and hinder the design process.
https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-2052298424417640 (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});Que 11: Explain Product Development Process.
Ans: Product development process refers to the series of steps that companies follow to create new products or services and bring them to market. The process typically involves several stages, each with its own set of objectives, activities, and outputs. Here’s a general overview of the typical product development process:
1)Idea Generation: This stage involves coming up with new product ideas, which can be generated through market research, customer feedback, or brainstorming sessions. The goal is to identify potential products that meet customer needs and align with the company’s strategic goals.
2)Concept Development: In this stage, the company develops a concept for the product based on the ideas generated in the previous stage. The concept typically includes the product’s features, benefits, target market, and value proposition. This stage involves researching and analyzing the feasibility of the product idea.
3)Design and Prototyping: Once the concept is developed, the company creates a design for the product and produces a prototype. The prototype can be used to test the product’s functionality, usability, and performance. This stage may involve multiple iterations of design and testing.
4)Testing and Validation: In this stage, the company tests the prototype and gathers feedback from customers and stakeholders. The goal is to validate the product’s performance, identify any potential issues, and make improvements as necessary.
5)Launch: Once the product is tested and validated, the company can launch it in the market. This stage involves creating a marketing plan, setting pricing and distribution strategies, and developing sales channels.
6)Post-Launch Evaluation: After the product is launched, the company monitors its performance, gathers customer feedback, and makes improvements as necessary. This stage involves continuous evaluation and improvement of the product to ensure its success in the market.
Que 12: Invent any five Problem Statements from the problems you face in your day to day life.
Ans: Here are five problem statements derived from common challenges in daily life:
Problem Statement: Efficient Task Management
How might I effectively manage my daily tasks, appointments, and commitments to ensure productivity and avoid forgetting important deadlines or responsibilities?
Problem Statement: Healthy Meal Planning
How can I simplify the process of planning and preparing healthy meals that meet my nutritional needs, considering time constraints, dietary preferences, and limited cooking skills?
Problem Statement: Stress Management
How might I effectively manage stress and find relaxation techniques that fit into my busy schedule, allowing me to maintain a healthy work-life balance and improve overall well-being?
Problem Statement: Efficient Home Organization
How can I optimize the organization and storage of my belongings in a limited space, ensuring easy access, minimizing clutter, and enhancing overall tidiness and functionality?
Problem Statement: Reliable Transportation
How might I ensure reliable transportation options for my daily commuting needs, considering factors such as traffic congestion, public transportation limitations, and availability of alternative transportation methods?
Que 13: Summarise Market Survey and validate its need.
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Que 14: Generalise the different types of market survey.
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Que 15: Explain with examples, any three methods to do market survey.
Ans:
Market surveys are an important tool for gathering information about customers and market trends. Here are three methods to conduct market surveys:-
1) online survey
2) phone interview
3) focus group
Online Surveys: Online surveys are a popular and cost-effective method of conducting market research. They can be easily distributed to a large number of people and can collect a lot of data in a short period of time. Online surveys can be created using various survey software tools, such as SurveyMonkey, Google Forms, or Typeform. For instance, an e-commerce business can use an online survey to gather customer feedback on their shopping experience, product selection, pricing, and shipping.
Phone Interviews: Phone interviews are another effective method of conducting market research. Phone interviews allow businesses to have more personalized conversations with their target audience and can provide more in-depth insights than online surveys. They are particularly useful for reaching out to a specific demographic or target audience. For example, a company might conduct phone interviews with its customers to better understand their needs, preferences, and purchasing behavior.
Focus groups
In focus groups, a moderator uses a scripted series of questions or topics to lead a discussion among a group of people. These sessions take place at neutral locations, usually at facilities with videotaping equipment and an observation room with one-way mirrors. A focus group usually lasts one to two hours, and it takes at least three groups to get balanced results.
Que 16: Argue on the ways to Enhance Creative Thinking.
- Practice brainstorming and ideation techniques: Techniques like mind mapping, free association, and random word generation can help to generate a large number of ideas and possibilities.
- Stimulate creativity through exposure to diverse stimuli: Activities like visiting museums, attending concerts, reading books, and spending time in nature can help to inspire creativity.
- Engage in regular physical exercise: Studies have shown that physical exercise can enhance creativity and cognitive function.
- Set aside time for creative pursuits: Setting aside dedicated time for activities like writing, drawing, or playing music can help to develop and maintain a creative mindset.
- Encourage interdisciplinary thinking: Seeking out perspectives from different fields and collaborating with experts in other disciplines can help to broaden your thinking.
- Foster a culture of innovation: Creating an environment that values creativity and encourages employees to take risks and think outside the box can lead to more innovative solutions.
- Provide training and development opportunities: Providing workshops, courses, and mentoring programs that focus on creativity and innovation can help to develop these skills.
- Embrace experimentation and risk-taking: Trying out new ideas and approaches without fear of failure can lead to breakthroughs and innovative solutions.
Que 17: Express the ways to initiate Creative Thinking.
Ans:
- Curiosity: Creative thinking begins with curiosity. Being curious about things around you, asking questions, and seeking answers can spark your creativity.
- Brainstorming: Brainstorming is a technique that involves generating as many ideas as possible, without censoring or evaluating them. This technique can help you come up with unique and creative ideas.
- Mind mapping: Mind mapping is a technique that involves creating a visual representation of your ideas. This technique can help you organize your thoughts and ideas, and also identify connections between them.
- Challenging assumptions: Challenging assumptions means questioning the assumptions that are taken for granted. By doing so, you can uncover new perspectives and ideas.
- Associating ideas: Associating ideas is the process of connecting seemingly unrelated ideas or concepts. This technique can help you come up with unique and innovative ideas.
- Seeking inspiration: Seeking inspiration from various sources such as art, literature, nature, and other people’s ideas can help stimulate your creativity.
- Experimentation: Experimentation involves trying out new ideas and concepts without fear of failure. By experimenting, you can discover new possibilities and develop creative solutions.
Que 18: Define Brainstorming and recall the ways to do it effectively
Ans: Brainstorming is a technique used to generate a large number of creative ideas in a short amount of time. It involves a group of people coming together to share their ideas without criticism or judgment. The goal of brainstorming is to encourage free thinking and generate a diverse range of ideas that can be further refined or combined.
Here are some ways to do brainstorming effectively:
- Establish clear goals: Before beginning the brainstorming session, it is essential to establish clear goals and objectives. This will help focus the discussion and ensure that the ideas generated are relevant to the problem or challenge at hand.
- Encourage open communication: To generate a diverse range of ideas, it is important to create a safe space where everyone feels comfortable sharing their thoughts. Encourage open communication and active listening to ensure that everyone’s ideas are heard and respected.
- Set a time limit: Setting a time limit for the brainstorming session can help maintain focus and prevent the discussion from dragging on. This will also encourage participants to generate ideas quickly, without overthinking or censoring themselves.
- Record ideas: Make sure to record all the ideas generated during the brainstorming session. This will help ensure that no ideas are lost and can serve as a reference for future discussions.
19. Identify the Objective, Constraint, Function and means for: i)Helmet (ii) Steam Iron (iii) Chair (iv) Bicycle Brake (v) Car’s Driving seat.
Ans:
- Helmet:
Objective: Protect head from impact
Constraint: Fit properly, meet safety standards
Function: Absorb impact, spread force
Means: Hard outer shell, soft inner liner
- Steam Iron:
Objective: Remove wrinkles from fabric
Constraint: Not damage fabric, meet safety standards
Function: Heat up, produce steam, moisten fabric, smooth out wrinkles
Means: Heating element, water reservoir, smooth soleplate
- Chair:
Objective: Provide comfortable and supportive place to sit
Constraint: Stable, able to support weight
Function: Provide seat and backrest, support body, distribute weight evenly
Means: Frame, seat, and backrest made of comfortable materials
- Bicycle Brake:
Objective: Stop or slow down bicycle
Constraint: Effective, reliable, easy to use
Function: Apply friction to wheel or rotor to slow or stop rotation
Means: Brake calipers or pads, brake levers, cables or hydraulic lines
- Car’s Driving seat:
Objective: Provide a comfortable and supportive place to sit while driving
Constraint: Fit properly, meet safety standards
Function: Support body, distribute weight evenly, allow for easy operation of vehicle controls
Means: Seat frame, seat and backrest cushions, adjustable positions, safety features.
Que 20: Assume that you and your team are designing a 3D Printer.
- How would you execute a market survey to collect relevant information?
- Enlist your focus groups.
- Evaluate the ways in which this collected data will be useful to design a 3D-Printer.
- Market survey for collecting relevant information for designing a 3D printer can be executed in the following ways:
- Online surveys or questionnaires through social media platforms and websites dedicated to the 3D printing community.
- Conducting interviews or focus groups with industry experts, hobbyists, and potential customers.
- Analyzing market reports and studies related to the 3D printing industry.
- Attending relevant trade shows, conferences, and events to gather firsthand information.
- Enlisting focus groups for designing a 3D printer can include:
- Engineers and designers with experience in 3D printing technology.
- Hobbyists and enthusiasts who frequently use 3D printers for various purposes.
- Businesses and organizations that use 3D printing for prototyping and manufacturing.
- Potential customers, including individuals and organizations who have not yet used 3D printers but have an interest in the technology.
- The collected data from the market survey and focus groups will be useful for designing a 3D printer in the following ways:
- Identifying the needs and preferences of potential customers, which can inform the design and functionality of the printer.
- Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of existing 3D printers in the market, which can help in developing a unique selling proposition for the new printer.
- Assessing the level of demand for certain features or functionalities in a 3D printer, which can help prioritize design decisions.
- Gathering insights into the future of the 3D printing industry and potential technological advancements that could be incorporated into the printer design.
Que 21: For any particular product explain Design Attributes/Customer Requirements.
Ans: Design attributes are the specific characteristics or features of a product that are necessary for it to function properly and meet the needs of its intended users. These attributes can be physical, functional, or aesthetic in nature, and they are typically determined by the requirements of the customer or end-user.
Customer requirements are the specific needs and desires of the customer that must be addressed in the design of the product. These requirements can be based on a variety of factors, including functionality, performance, reliability, safety, ease of use, and aesthetics.
To create a successful product, designers must carefully consider both design attributes and customer requirements. This involves understanding the needs and desires of the target audience, prototyping, testing, and iterating on the design based on customer feedback. Ultimately, the goal is to create a product that not only meets but also exceeds the needs and expectations of customers, resulting in a high level of customer satisfaction.
Que 22: Enlist the customer requirements for a TV Remote.
Ans:
- Ease of use: Customers want a TV remote that is easy to operate, with intuitive and straightforward buttons that are easy to understand and navigate.
- Compatibility: The TV remote must be compatible with their TV brand and model.
- Range: Customers require a TV remote that has a long enough range to control the TV from a reasonable distance.
- Responsiveness: Customers expect the TV remote to respond quickly and accurately to their commands without any delay.
- Durability: The TV remote must be durable and able to withstand everyday wear and tear.
- Battery life: Customers want a TV remote with a long battery life, so they don’t have to replace batteries frequently.