PPS Assignment CSE

Explain character and token set of C

In C programming language, a character set is a set of characters that can be used in a program. The character set of C is called ASCII, which stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. The ASCII character set consists of 128 characters, including letters, numbers, and symbols.

A token set, on the other hand, is a set of symbols that are used to represent various programming constructs such as keywords, identifiers, operators, and punctuations. In C programming, the token set includes keywords such as “if”, “while”, “else”, “for”, and “switch”, identifiers such as variable names, operators such as “+”, “-“, “*”, “/”, and punctuations such as commas, semicolons, and parentheses.

What is the data type? Explain all classification with examples.

In programming, a data type is a classification of data that determines the possible values for that type, the operations that can be done on values of that type, and the way that the values of that type are stored in memory.

  • Integer: Used to store whole numbers. Examples include int (usually 32 bits), short (usually 16 bits), and long (usually 64 bits).
int myInt = 42;
  • Floating-Point: Used to store decimal numbers. Examples include float (32 bits) and double (64 bits).
float myFloat = 3.14;
  • Character: Used to store a single character. Examples include char (8 bits) and wchar_t (16 or 32 bits).
char myChar = 'a';
  • Boolean: Used to store true/false values. Examples include bool (true or false) and _Bool (1 or 0).
bool myBool = true;

Explain variable declaration and initialization with examples.

In C programming, a variable is a named storage location in the computer’s memory that can hold a value. To use a variable in a C program, we need to declare it and initialize it.

Variable Declaration:

A variable declaration tells the compiler the data type and name of the variable. The general syntax for variable declaration is:

data_type variable_name;

For example, to declare an integer variable named “num”, we can write:

int num;

This tells the compiler that we want to create a variable named “num” that can hold integer values.

Variable Initialization:

Variable initialization is the process of assigning an initial value to a variable at the time of declaration. The general syntax for variable initialization is:

data_type variable_name = value;

For example, to declare and initialize an integer variable named “age” with a value of 25, we can write :

int age = 25;

This tells the compiler that we want to create a variable named “age” that can hold integer values and we want to initialize it with the value 25.

We can also initialize a variable later in the program using the assignment operator (=). For example, to assign the value 10 to the variable “num” declared earlier, we can write:

num = 10;

Nested Declaration and Initialization:

We can also declare and initialize multiple variables of the same data type in a single statement. For example:

int x, y, z;

This declares three integer variables named “x”, “y”, and “z”. We can also initialize these variables at the time of declaration using the following syntax:

int a = 10, b = 20, c = 30;

This initializes three integer variables named “a”, “b”, and “c” with the values 10, 20, and 30 respectively.

In summary, variable declaration is the process of defining a variable’s data type and name, while variable initialization is the process of assigning an initial value to a variable. We can declare and initialize variables in a single statement or separately as per our program’s requirements.

Write down the rules to define variables.

In C programming language, the rules to define variables are as follows:

  1. Variable names must begin with a letter or an underscore.
  2. Variable names can only contain letters, digits, and underscores.
  3. Variable names cannot be a C keyword or a reserved word.
  4. Variable names should be meaningful and descriptive.
  5. Variable names are case sensitive.
  6. Variable names should not exceed the maximum length allowed by the compiler.

What is symbolic constant and what are the rules to define symbolic constant?

In C programming, a symbolic constant is a name that represents a constant value. It is essentially a variable that cannot be modified once it has been defined. Symbolic constants are useful in programs where a particular value is used repeatedly and it makes the program easier to understand and maintain.

To define a symbolic constant, the #define preprocessor directive is used. The syntax for defining a symbolic constant is as follows:

#define constant_name value

Here, constant_name is the name of the symbolic constant and value is the constant value that it represents. For example, the following code defines a symbolic constant PI with a value of 3.14159:

#define PI 3.14159

Once defined, PI can be used throughout the program in place of the value 3.14159.

There are a few rules to follow when defining symbolic constants:

  1. The constant name must be written in all capital letters to distinguish it from variables.
  2. There should be no spaces between the constant name, the #define keyword, and the constant value.
  3. The constant value must be a constant expression, meaning it cannot contain any variables.

For example, the following code defines a symbolic constant MAX with a value of 100:

#define MAX 100

Once defined, MAX can be used throughout the program to represent the value 100.

Explain IF statement and nested if with syntax and example.

In C programming, the if statement is used to execute a block of code if a certain condition is true. The syntax of the if statement is as follows :

if (condition) {
// code to be executed if condition is true
}

The condition is a Boolean expression that evaluates to either true or false. If the condition is true, the code inside the block is executed. If the condition is false, the code inside the block is skipped.

#include<stdio.h>
int main() {
int x = 5;
if (x > 3) {
printf(“x is greater than 3\n”);
}
return 0;
}

the if statement checks if x is greater than 3. Since x is 5, the condition is true and the code inside the block is executed, resulting in the output “x is greater than 3”.

A nested if statement is simply an if statement inside another if statement. The syntax is as follows :

if (condition1) {
  // code to be executed if condition1 is true
if (condition2) {
  // code to be executed if condition2 is true
}
}

Here is a Example :

#include<stdio.h>
int main() {
int x = 5;
int y = 10;
if (x > 3) {
printf(“x is greater than 3\n”);
if (y > 5) {
printf(“y is greater than 5\n”);
}
}
return 0;
}

Explain Else…IF ladder with syntax and flowchart.

In C programming language, the Else…If ladder is used to test multiple conditions and execute different code blocks based on those conditions. The syntax of the Else…If ladder is as follows :

if (condition1) {
// code to execute if condition1 is true
}
else if (condition2) {
// code to execute if condition2 is true
}
else if (condition3) {
// code to execute if condition3 is true
}
…
else {
// code to execute if none of the conditions are true
}

FlowChart :

Explain switch statement.

In C programming, a switch statement is used to evaluate an expression against a set of predefined cases. The syntax of the switch statement is as follows:

switch (expression) {
   case constant1:
      // code to be executed if expression is equal to constant1
      break;
   case constant2:
      // code to be executed if expression is equal to constant2
      break;
   .
   .
   .
   default:
      // code to be executed if expression doesn't match any of the constants
}

Here, the expression is evaluated against a set of constants defined by the cases. If the expression matches a particular constant, the code inside that case is executed. If no match is found, the code inside the default case is executed.

The switch statement is often used as an alternative to multiple if-else statements. It can make code more concise and easier to read in situations where there are multiple possible values for a variable.

A flowchart of the switch statement might look something like this :

Discuss GOTO statements with forward and backward jump.

The GOTO statement in C allows the program to transfer control to another part of the program, either forward or backward in the code.

A forward jump means that the program jumps to a statement that appears later in the code. For example:

int x = 1;
if (x == 1) {
   goto jump_here;
}
printf("This line is skipped\n");
jump_here:
printf("Jumped here!\n");

In this example, if x is equal to 1, the program will jump to the jump_here label and print “Jumped here!”. The line that prints “This line is skipped” is not executed.

A backward jump means that the program jumps to a statement that appears earlier in the code. For example:

int x = 10;
start:
if (x > 0) {
   printf("%d\n", x);
   x--;
   goto start;
}

In this example, the program prints the value of x and then decrements it, until x is no longer greater than 0. The program then jumps back to the start label and repeats the process. This creates an infinite loop that prints the numbers from 10 down to 1.

It’s important to note that the use of GOTO statements can make code more difficult to read and understand, and can make it harder to debug. In general, it’s recommended to use structured programming techniques like loops and functions instead of GOTO statements.

Differentiate between entry and exit controlled loop.

In computer programming, loops are used to execute a block of code repeatedly until a certain condition is met. There are two types of loops: entry-controlled and exit-controlled loops.

  1. Entry-controlled loop: An entry-controlled loop checks the loop condition at the beginning of each iteration of the loop. If the condition is true, the loop executes the statements within it, and if the condition is false, the loop terminates. The for loop and while loop in C are examples of entry-controlled loops.

Example:

for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
  printf("%d ", i);
}

In this example, the for loop runs as long as the value of the variable i is less than or equal to 10. This is an entry-controlled loop because the loop condition is checked at the beginning of each iteration of the loop.

  1. Exit-controlled loop: An exit-controlled loop checks the loop condition at the end of each iteration of the loop. If the condition is true, the loop executes the statements within it and continues to the next iteration, and if the condition is false, the loop terminates. The do-while loop in C is an example of an exit-controlled loop.

Example:

int i = 1;
do {
  printf("%d ", i);
  i++;
} while (i <= 10);

In this example, the do-while loop runs as long as the value of the variable i is less than or equal to 10. This is an exit-controlled loop because the loop condition is checked at the end of each iteration of the loop.

Explain Break and Continue statement with example.

In C programming language, the break and continue statements are used to alter the normal flow of execution in loops.

The break statement is used to exit the loop immediately when a certain condition is met. It can be used with any loop statement (for loop, while loop, do-while loop) or switch statement. Here is an example that uses a for loop:

include <stdio.h>
int main() {
  int i;
  for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
    if (i == 5) {
      break; // exit loop when i equals 5
    }
    printf("%d\n", i);
  }
  return 0;
}

In the above code, the loop will terminate when the value of i becomes 5 because of the break statement. So, the output will be :

0
1
2
3
4

The continue statement is used to skip a particular iteration of the loop and move to the next iteration. It can also be used with any loop statement (for loop, while loop, do-while loop). Here is an example that uses a while loop:

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
  int i = 0;
  while (i < 10) {
    i++;
    if (i == 5) {
      continue; // skip the iteration when i equals 5
    }
    printf("%d\n", i);
  }
  return 0;
}

In the above code, the loop will skip the iteration when the value of i is 5 because of the continue statement. So, the output will be:

1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
10

Note that i is incremented before the if statement, so the output starts at 1 and ends at 10. The iteration when i is 5 is skipped because of the continue statement.

Explain while, do…while and for loop with example.

In C programming language, there are three types of loops : while, do...while, and for.

while loop: The while loop is used when you want to execute a block of code repeatedly as long as a condition is true. Here is an example that uses a while loop to print numbers from 1 to 5:

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
  int i = 1;
  while (i <= 5) {
    printf("%d\n", i);
    i++;
  }
  return 0;
}

In the above code, the loop will continue to execute as long as the value of i is less than or equal to 5. So, the output will be:

1
2
3
4
5

do...while loop: The do...while loop is similar to the while loop, but the difference is that the code block is executed at least once, even if the condition is false. Here is an example that uses a do...while loop to print numbers from 1 to 5:

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
  int i = 1;
  do {
    printf("%d\n", i);
    i++;
  } while (i <= 5);
  return 0;
}

In the above code, the loop will execute the code block at least once, even if the value of i is greater than 5. So, the output will be:

1
2
3
4
5

for loop: The for loop is used when you want to execute a block of code a fixed number of times. Here is an example that uses a for loop to print numbers from 1 to 5:

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
  int i;
  for (i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
    printf("%d\n", i);
  }
  return 0;
}

In the above code, the loop will execute the code block five times because the loop counter i is initialized to 1, incremented by 1 after each iteration, and the loop condition is i <= 5. So, the output will be:

1
2
3
4
5

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