- a)define terms:
ans : i)gauss’s law: Gauss’s law is a fundamental law of physics that relates the electric flux through a closed surface to the charge enclosed within that surface. It is named after the German mathematician and physicist Carl Friedrich Gauss.
In mathematical terms, Gauss’s law can be written as: $$∮S E⋅dA =\frac{Q}{ε_{0}}$$
Where, ∮S =surface integral over a closed surface S.
E = electric field vector.
dA = differential surface area element.
Q = total electric charge enclosed by the surface S.
ε0 = electric constant, also known as the vacuum permittivity.
The law states that the electric flux through a closed surface is proportional to the charge enclosed within that surface. The flux is defined as the total number of electric field lines passing through the surface. If the enclosed charge is positive, the electric field lines emanate from the charge and pass through the surface, resulting in a positive flux.
If the enclosed charge is negative, the electric field lines converge towards the charge and leave the surface, resulting in a negative flux.
ii)Dielectric material :
A dielectric material is an insulating material that is able to store electrical energy in an electric field. When placed in an electric field, the atoms or molecules of the dielectric material become polarized, meaning that they align themselves with the electric field. This polarization leads to the creation of an induced electric dipole moment within the dielectric material, which produces an electric field that opposes the external electric field.
The behavior of a dielectric material in the presence of an electric field can be described by its dielectric constant or relative permittivity. This constant is a measure of the ability of the material to store electric energy in an electric field relative to the ability of a vacuum to store electric energy in the same field. The dielectric constant of a material is typically greater than one, indicating that it can store more electric energy in an electric field than a vacuum.
Dielectric materials are widely used in a range of electronic devices, such as capacitors, because of their ability to store electric energy. They are also used as insulators in electrical systems, to prevent electrical current from flowing between conductive materials.
b)what do you mean by superconductivity phenomena ? discuss its magnetic properties with suitable diagram and formula.
ans : Superconductivity is a phenomenon where certain materials exhibit zero electrical resistance and perfect diamagnetism when cooled below a certain critical temperature. This critical temperature, also known as the transition temperature, varies for different materials and can range from a few degrees above absolute zero to several hundred degrees Celsius.
b)
c) what are the characteristics of musical sound ? explain.
ans :
1.Pitch-Related to frequency of sound.
2.Loudness-Related to intensity of sound
3.Timbre-Related to quality of sound.
Pitch: This refers to the perceived highness or lowness of a sound and is determined by the frequency of the sound waves. In music, pitch is used to create melody and harmony.
Timbre: This is the unique quality of a sound that allows us to distinguish between different instruments or voices. Timbre is determined by the harmonic content of the sound wave and the way it changes over time. It is what gives a guitar a different sound than a piano, for example.
Loudness: Loudness is a characteristic which is common to all sounds, whether classified as musical sound or noise,
Loudness is a degree of sensation produced on ear. Thus, loudness varies from one listener to another. Loudness depends upon intensity and also upon the sensitiveness of the ear. Loudness and intensity are related to each other by the relation
L = K log10 I
Where K is a constant.
From this relation it is seen that loudness is directly proportional to the logarithm of intensity, and is known as Weber-Fechner law.
$$\frac{dL}{dI} =\frac{K}{I}$$
2) a) derive the relation between polarization vector , dielectric constant and electric susceptibility.
ans :